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She evidently felt a difference between light and darkness from the first hour, for she stopped crying when her face was

exposed to gentle light; and other observers confirm this. Two or three report also a turning of the head toward the light

within the first week. The nurse, who was intelligent and exact, thought she saw this in the case of my niece. I did not, but I

saw instead a constant turning of the eyes toward a person coming near her — that is, toward a large dark mass that

interrupted the light. Either movement must be regarded as entirely instinctive or reflex. Even plants will turn toward the

light, and among animal movements this is one of the most primitive; while the habit of looking toward any dark moving

mass runs far back in animal history, and may well have become fixed in the bodily mechanism. With the beginning of

voluntary looking these instinctive movements fade.

No other sign of vision appeared in the little one during the first fortnight. The eyes were directed to nothing, fixed on

nothing. They did not wink if one made a pass at them. There wasno change of focus for near or distant seeing; the two eyes

did not even move always hi unison, — and as the lids also had by no means learned yet to move symmetrically with the balls

and with each other, some extraordinary and alarming contortions resulted.

True seeing, such as we ourselves have, is not just a matter of opening the eyes and letting the vision pour in; it requires a

great deal of minute muscular adjustment, both of the eyeballs and of the lenses, and it is impossible that a baby should see

anything but blurs of light and dark (without even any distinction of distance) till he has learned the adjustments. Not colored

blurs, but light and dark only, for no trace of color sense has ever been detected within the first fortnight of life, no certain

evidence of it even within the first year.

The baby showed no sign of hearing anything until the third day, when she started violently at the sound of tearing paper,

some eight feet from her. After that, occasional harsh or sudden sounds — oftener the rustling of paper than anything else—

could make her start or cry.

It is well established by the careful tests of several physiologists that babies are deaf for a period lasting from several hours to

several days after birth. The outer tube of the ear is often closed by its own walls, and the middle ear is always stopped up

with fluid. Even after the ear itself is clear and ready for hearing, few sounds are noticed; perhaps because the outer passage

is still so narrow, perhaps because of imperfect nerve connections with the brain, perhaps because sounds are not

distinguished, but go all together into a sort of blur, just as the sights do. As the usual effect of sounds on wee babies is to

startle them, and to set off convulsive reflex movements, it is well forthem that hearing is so tardy in development.

There is noticeable variation in sensitiveness to hearing, not only among different babies, but in the same baby at different

times. A sound that startles on one day seems to pass absolutely unheard on the next.

In observing the sensibility to sound, one may easily be misled.. If a baby starts when a door slams or a heavy object falls, it

is more likely to be the jar than the sound that affects him; if he becomes restless when one claps the hands or speaks, it may

be because he felt a puff of air on his head. The tap of an ordinary call bell is a good sound to test with, causing neither jar

nor air current.

Taste and smell were senses that the baby gave no sign of owning till much later. The satisfaction of hunger was quite enough

to account for the contentment she showed in nursing; and when shewas not hungry she would suck the most tasteless object

as cheerfully as any other. Physiologists, however, have had the daring to make careful test of smell and taste in the newborn, putting a wee drop of quinine, sugar, salt, or acid solution onthe babies' tongues, and strong odors to their noses, and

have been made certain by the resulting behavior that these senses do exist from the first. But it requires rather strong tests to

call them into action. Many babies, for instance, suck at a two per cent, solution of quinine as if it were sugar; so it seems

unlikely that the mild and monotonous taste of milk, and the neutral smells by which any well-kept baby is surrounded, are

really perceived at all. There are instances related of very positive discrimination between one milk and another, either by

taste or smell, shown by very young babies; yet the weight of evidence points to an almost dormant condition of these two

senses.

We were told in school that the fifth sense was "feeling" but psychologists now regard this not as a single sense, but as a

group, called the "dermal" or skin senses. The sense of touch and pressure, the senses of heat and cold, and the sense of pain

are the principal ones of the group.

Our baby showed from the first that she was aware when she was touched. She stopped crying when she was cuddled or

patted. She showed comfort in the bath, which may have been in part due to freedom from the contact of clothes, and to

liking for the soft touches of the water. She responded with sucking motions to the first touch of the nipple on her lips. Preyer

found the lips of newborn babies quite delicately sensitive, responding even to the lightest touch; and there are other sensitive

spots, such as the nostrils and the soles of the feet.

On the whole, however, the rose leaf baby skin proves to be much less sensitive than ours, not only to contact, but also to

pain and perhaps to heat and cold, though this has not been so thoroughly tested. This is not saying, of course, that the

physiological effects of heat and cold upon the baby are unimportant.

Our baby had no experience of skin pain in her early days, and being kept at an equable temperature, probably received no

definite sensations either of heat or of cold.

The foregoing are the "special senses," that is, those thatgive impressions of external things, and have end organs to receive

and make definite these impressions, —- the eye at the end of the optic nerve, the different kinds of nerve tips in the skin, and

so forth. Another sense now claims almost to rank with them,— the recently studied sense of equilibrium and motion, by

which we feel loss of balance in our bodies and changes in their motion (changes only, for no one can feel perfectly smooth

motion). This sense has been traced to the semicircularcanals of the ear; and as this part of the ear is the oldest in evolution,

and the rudimentary ears of the lower orders of animals are quite analogous to it in structure, biologists now suspect that

hearing may be a more recent sense than we have thought, and that much which has been taken for sense of sound in the

lower animals — even as high as fishes — may perhaps be only a delicate sense of motion.

I failed to watch for this motion sense in the baby. It would have been shown by signs that she felt change of motion when

she was lifted and moved. Equilibrium sense she must have used as soon as she began to balance her little head, but in the

first limp and passive days there was no sign of it. Still, there are tales of very young babies who showed disturbance, as if

from a feeling of lost equilibrium, when they were lowered swiftly in the arms.

There is besides a sort of sensibility to vibration that affects the whole body. We know how much of the rhythm of music

may be caught quite soundlessly through the vibrations of the floor; and it is said (perhaps not altogether credibly) that it was

thus that Jessie Brown recognized even the instruments and the tune at the relief of Lucknow by the tremor along the ground

before a sound was audible. A jar, affecting the whole body, seems to be felt by creatures of very low organization. Babies

are undoubtedly quite susceptible to jarring from the earliestdays. Champney's baby started when the scale of the balance in

which he was lying immediately after birth sprang up.

Then there is the " muscle sense " — the feeling of the action of our own muscles; and a most delicate and important sense

this is. It is safe to say that the baby had it from the first, and felt the involuntary movements her own little body was making,

for it is hardly conceivable how else she could have learned to make voluntary ones. But that is another story, and comes

later.

Even this does not exhaust the list of sensations the baby could feel. There was the whole group of " organic sensations"

coming from the inner organs, — hunger, thirst, organic pain. With older people, nausea, suffocation, choking, and perhaps

some others might be added; but little babies certainly do not feel nausea, — their food regurgitates without a qualm. Nor do

they seem to feel disagreeable sensations when they choke in nursing