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, Ruth's awareness of having achieved a complex motor act—that is, combining four reflex
behaviors (the tonic neck reflex, hand to mouth, rooting, and finally sucking on her fist) into a method for keeping herself
under control—seems not to have been noted by this otherwise highly sensitive observer. For me, the early recognition by
babies of their own ability to take in important information, or to move in a way that brings self-control, is a template for their
later recognition that they can act upon their new world. Thisrecognition then fuels them to acquire more and more important
experiences. The well-equipped motor and sensory programs in newborn babies help them learn important things about their
world—important to them and in setting up the patterns they will need to capture the adults around them.
In Mrs. Shinn's book, the baby's competence does not begin to surface until two months. Why was it necessary for her to
think if the newborn Ruth as a recipient only? It is interesting that we now "need" to think of the baby as competent fromthe
first—as if it were an attempt to get away from blaming the mother, who for so long was held responsible for any "failure" on
the part of the baby—such as autism, a learning disability, mental retardation, or a behavior problem. All of these were
blamed on the environment. Now we have developed a much more interactional approach—the baby's own qualities and
reactions interact with those of the environment in order to produce the outcome. This approach makes us less judgmental
today, more understanding of the organically determined "strength" of thebaby in shaping the environment.
Mrs. Shinn often hedges her elegant observations with such cautions as "but she means little enough by it." She leads us
through various definitions of memory, from habit memory to truememory, and finally to intentionality. Although she does
not attribute intentions to Ruth until the fifth month, the babymeanwhile has brought objects to her mouth for exploration,
has looked for her mother's face after it disappears, waiting for it to reappear (at thirteen weeks), has explored objects and her
aunt's face with both her fingers and her mouth (at four anda half months), and has even shown a "fear of the dark" and "fear
of strangers" at four and a half months. Mrs. Shinn's powers of observation clearly triumph over her theories! One of the most
sensitive insights in the book is her recognition of the competition that exists between hunger and the excitement of looki
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