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Dr Robinson was fortunate enough to be able to test his theory on some sixty babies in the first hours of their life, and was 

triumphantly successful. He clasped their hands about a slender rod, and they swung from it like athletes, without apparent 

discomfort, by the half minute; many of us grown people could not do as well. Such a remarkable power of hands and arms 

has for ages been of no especial use to the human race, and  it fades out in a few weeks, but for many months the arms keep 

ahead of the legs in development. 

Here was not only strength of arms, but the ability to perform quite skillfully an action, that required the working together of 

a  number  of  muscles  to  a  definite  end,  —  the  action  namely,  of  clasping  an  object  with  the  hand.  This  is  one  of  several 

actions that come ready-made to the baby at birth, before he can possibly have had any chance to learn them, or any idea of 

what they are for. Babies sneeze, swallow, and cry on the first day; they shut their eyes at a bright light, or at a torch. On the 

first day, moreover, they have been seen to start at a sound ora jar; Preyer observed hiccoughing, choking, coughing, and 

spreading the toes when the soles were tickled; and Darwin saw yawning and stretching within the first week, though I do not 

know that any one has seen it on the first day. 

These movements are all of the class called reflex, — movements, that is, in which the bodily mechanism is set off by some 

outside action on the senses, as a gun is set off by a touch onthe trigger. Thus, when a tickling affects the mucous membrane, 

a sneeze executes itself without any will of ours; when our sense of sight perceives a swift missile coming, the neck muscles 

mechanically jerk the head to one side. 

We grown people have, however, a good deal of power of holding in  our reflexes, — "  inhibiting" them, as the technical 

expression is, —  but the baby has none at all. If they had a highly developed reflex activity, babies would be in real danger 

from the unrestrained acts of their own muscles, as we see in the case of convulsions, which show reflex action at its extreme. 

But the actions I have mentioned are about all the reflex movements that have been noted in new-born babies, except what 

are called the periodic reflexes, such as breathing, the heartbeat, the contractions of the arteries, and all the regular  muscular 

actions of organic life. 

That so complex a system of movement as these periodic reflexes should be so readily touched into motion upon contact with 

air and food, to maintain itself afterward by the interplay of  the bodily mechanism and external forces, shows a ready-made 

hereditary activity far more than the sudden reflexes do. Itdoes not work quite smoothly at first, however: the establishment 

of breathing, for instance, is irregular, and often difficult. Even the sudden reflexes are slower and less perfect than with older 

people. 

There  is  another  class  of  movements,  often  confused  with  the  reflex  —  that  is,  instinctive  movements.  Real  grasping  (as 

distinguished from reflex grasping), biting, standing, walking, are examples of this class. They are race movements, the habits 

of the species to which the animal belongs, and every normal member of the species is bound to come to them; yet they are

not so fixed in the bodily mechanism as the reflex movements. The stimulus to them seems to come more from within than 

from without —  yet not from reason and will, but from some blind impulse. This impulse is usually imperfect, and the child 

has to work his own way to the mastery of the movements. Yetthough certain reflex activities are inherited in a morehighly 

developed condition than any human instincts, the instincts areat bottom always hereditary, which is not the case with the 

reflexes—any one may teach his muscles new reflex movements, unknown to his ancestors. A musician does it every time 

that  he  practices  new music  till  his hands  will  run  it  off  of their own accord, while  he is  thinking  of  something  else. But

instinct  cannot  be  thus  acquired.  The  amazing  instincts  of  the lower  animals;  the  imperfect  and  broken  condition  of  the 

instincts in man, yet the deep hold that they have on him; the mingling of inherited necessity and individual freedom in the 

way in which they are worked out; the mystery of the physiological method by which they act (while that of reflex movement 

is fairly well understood, up to a certain point); the light  they seem always about to shed for the biologist on the profoundest 

problems of heredity, and for the philosopher on those of free will and personality, —  these things make instinct one of the 

great fields of present research, and I must not venture into it, though it is of importance in trying to understand a baby. 

I shall say only that while instinct does not appear in the lowest animals (whose action is all of the reflex type), and is for a 

time a sign of rising rank in the scale of life, it reaches its culmination with the insects, and as we approach man  it is the 

breaking up of the instincts that is in its turn a sign of advancement to higher life. The little chicken runs about as soon as it is 

out of its shell, and even the monkey baby is able to take care ofitself in a few months. Nothing is so helpless as the human 

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Download Baby Wallpapers  Wallpaper Pattern Design Border Download With Quotes Hd Free Download for Nursery for Mobile